![]() Different types of adventitious sounds correlate with different pathologies. ![]() Adventitious respiratory sounds have been classified into several different types, depending on their spectral-temporal characteristics and their location. 1 The absence or deficiency of normal breath sounds or the manifestation of adventitious sounds may be an indicator of a pulmonary disease. These sounds are generally subdivided into tracheobronchial and vesicular the former originate in the trachea and larger bronchial airways, and the latter may originate in small branches of the airway tree further from the trachea or from other mechanisms at distal regions of the lung parenchyma. Normal respiratory sounds are generated in healthy airways by physiological unforced breathing. Respiratory sounds are categorized as normal and abnormal ( adventitious). Improved noninvasive means of locating adventitious respiratory sounds may enhance an understanding of acoustic changes correlated to pathology, and potentially provide improved noninvasive tools for the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases that uniquely alter acoustics. An acoustic source localization algorithm coupled to the BE model estimated the wheeze source location to within a few millimeters based solely on the acoustic field at the surface. Several cases were simulated, including a bronchoconstricted lung that had an internal acoustic source introduced in a bronchiole, approximating a wheeze. The chest wall is modeled as a boundary condition on the parenchymal surface. Within the BE model of the left lung parenchyma, comprised of more than 6000 triangular surface elements, more than 30 000 monopoles are used to approximate complex airway-originated acoustic sources. ![]() This work is extended using an efficient numerical boundary element (BE) approach to calculate the resulting radiated sound field from the airway tree into the lung parenchyma taking into account the surrounding chest wall. Listen to rales here on the Medzcool YouTube channel.In a recent publication by Henry and Royston, an algorithm was introduced to calculate the acoustic response to externally introduced and endogenous respiratory sounds within a realistic, patient-specific subglottal airway tree. Rales are usually broken up into more specific types, based on the way they sound. When these tiny sacs are damaged or weighed down with fluid or mucus, they can make a crackling sound as they attempt to fill with air. These are tiny sacs of air and inflate and deflate with each breath. This usually occurs in the smaller parts of the lungs, like the alveoli. These sounds are formed when air moves into closed spaces. The terms rales or crackles have been used interchangeably and are usually a matter of preference, not a difference in the condition. Rales are a higher-pitched sound sometimes called crackles or bibasilar crackles. Listen to rhonchi here on the Medzcool YouTube channel. The sound you hear is the the sound the air makes as it moves around the blockage. These sounds are produced when there is something blocking the airway, like fluid. Rhonchi can either come and go on and inhale or exhale or be heard continuously. It can be heard on an inhale or exhale, and it’s often compared to the sound of snoring. This low-pitched sound that usually starts in the larger airways in the lungs. The difference between the two is in the pitch and the exact cause of the sound. ![]() Rales and rhonchi can both be coarse, even crackling sounds. ![]()
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